Tuesday, December 31, 2019

Religious Education - 1705 Words

Religious Education Essay – Is basing religion on morality a good idea? Is basing religion on morality a good idea? Many people agree although some atheists may disagree. One common complaint about secularism is that religion and belief in God are fundamentals for morality, justice, and a democratic society. The basic premise here is that the only values which ultimately matter are those which are transcendent, and such values can only be perceived and understood through religious tradition and a connection with the divine. It is strange that such a belief would be as common as it is, because religions and various types of theism have had literally thousands of years during which they could demonstrate that they could provide the†¦show more content†¦This would be seen as inconsistent and simply applying the principles of no.1 on a wider scale. For those who consider to be flawed, it is God who establishes the foundations of morality. For people of faith the external moral code is based on sacred texts such as the Bible or Qur an; ideally, these moral codes are reflected in secular laws. Some religious groups (e.g. Catholics and Orthodox) sup plement this external code with an internal moral one based on Natural Law; this moral guide is written in the heart of every human being and includes such things as the sanctity of life and the inclination towards fairness, goodness and cooperation. For the person of faith, it is not enough to consider the wishes of the individual, important though he or she undoubtedly may be; nor is it sufficient to consider the goal of a harmonious and stable society. For believers the underlying basis for morality is that all human beings are made in the Divine image and likeness; thus all are intimately connected. This is why Christ was able to say Whatsoever you do to the least of my brothers and sisters you do to me. (Matthew 25:40) and John states Let us love one another since love is from God, and everyone who love is a child of God and knows God. (I John4:7) Thus, for the person of faith, although it is quite possible to be a morally good person without explicitly acknowledging God, that Show MoreRelatedChristian Religious Education : A Book Based Out1593 Words   |  7 PagesThrough reading Christian Religious Education I discovered many things, some of them are simple easy things while others have a bigger impact. First of all, I recommend not trying to read this book all in one sitting, it is too deep and intense to read that way. However, if you read the book based out, as recommended by Leslie Long then the book was fine. Yet, whichever way you read the book the same general message will get across. That message is one that education is important, in ChristianityRead MoreEducation, Geography And Religious Education2696 Words   |  11 Pages Within the relation to teaching and learning in a Primary School, Grigg and Hughes (2014) argue that there has been a continual focus around the Humanities subjects (History, Geography and Religious Education). Further suggesting when the subjects are well planned and instructed, they can teach children about the wider world promoting their ‘spiritual, moral, social and cultural development’. On the other hand, according to Ofsted (2011), there has been a reduced amount of allocated time for theRead MoreShould Religious Education Be Public Schools?1719 Words   |  7 PagesI was raised as a catholic for a majority of my life but was completely unaware that Catholics were Christians too. This confusion and lack of religious knowledge is the norm in the United States. To combat this startling issue some have proposed we have religious education in our schools. Religion is a taboo issue and turns even more taboo when we involve children. Many oppose the teaching of region in our schools for the simple reason of separation of church and state. Another reason this is metRead MoreSocial Studies Education As A Tool For Developing Religious Tolerance And Peaceful Coexistence Essay1999 Words   |  8 PagesUSE OF SOCIAL STUDIES EDUCATION AS A TOOL FOR DEVELOPING RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE AND PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE: A STUDY ON COLLEGES OF EDUCATION IN KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA. Chia, Ogheneovo Esther Abstract This article reports on the impact of teaching and learning of social studies education on religious tolerance and peaceful coexistence among students in colleges of education in Kaduna state. Participants were drawn from the Federal College of Education Zaria and College of Education, Gidan Waya in KadunaRead MoreThe Religious Education ( Re ) Grades 1-8 Policy Document765 Words   |  4 Pages The Religious Education (RE) grades 1-8 policy document highlights and provides opportunity for students to become familiar with their Religion. Within section 1.3 of the document, the Evangelization, culture and the Catholic school addresses all students, the believers, searchers and non-believers. Therefore a summary of this section of the RE is the role of Catholic school is to renewal the faith within all of the community. It is the teacher duty as evangelical nourishment to start the â€Å"spiritualRead MoreSocial Education And Religious Education1805 Words   |  8 PagesGoss (2010) claims that â€Å"meaning-making† is â€Å"of the essence of religiosity† and sees the role of religious education as helping learners to be more reflective, examining religious knowledge critically and inquisitively but then naturally finding a meeting between reflection and religiosity as both â€Å"products of an experience that makes human being unique in the universe† (266). Gearon (2013) refers to this as nothing less than RE’s fundamental â€Å"quest for stable epistemological foundations: meaningRead MoreReligious Education Sba3215 Words   |  13 PagesFestivals work together. There are varieties of religions and festivals that are held around world each year; there are many reasons for holding a festival: * The birth or death of a founder or leader. * The end of a fast or some other important religious occasion. * A particularly important event in the history of the religion. * An important season of the year. Some things that are common among festivals are giving and receiving presents, eating of special food and drink, wearing of specialRead MoreReligious Education Sba1510 Words   |  7 Pagesprobably in preparation for the Jewish Passover feast later in the week. He also went to teach, and during this week he spoke many parables, the Lords Prayer, and a number of key teachings for His followers. Easter marks the most important religious celebration of the Christian faith. Members celebrate this festival because it commemorates the resurrection of Jesus Christ, which his followers believe occurred on the third day after his death. There is no set date for Easter, but it always fallsRead MoreExploring Religious Education Essay746 Words   |  3 PagesExploring Religious Education The Church has a problem, attracting youth. The Church needs youth to keep the Mass going, because as the old get older, the young get less interested. Churches in Canberra are already taking action to attract young people. There are youth groups that hold concerts, parties and get togethers so that people of the same age group can meet and relate to each other. The youth of today has not been brought up in a Church based community Read MoreEssay on No Tax Dollars for Religious Education661 Words   |  3 PagesNo Tax Dollars for Religious Education Tax dollars are your money at work.   Do you want your money to go to fund private religious schools?   Tax dollars should not fund religious education because it is a violation of the separation of church and state clause of the first amendment to the constitution. Lately we have seen proposals for vouchers.   These vouchers are public money given to low income family so they may send their kids to private schools.   Most of the schools who use this program

Monday, December 23, 2019

The Assumption of the Virgin - 700 Words

The painting The Assumption of the Virgin has a mannerism influence. Mannerism was a XVI century art style influenced by, and at the same time a reaction to, the harmonious ideals of the Italian High Renaissance. Mannerism is notable for its artificial ( as opposed to naturalistic ) qualities which favor compositional tension and instability rather than the balance and clarity of earlier Renaissance painting. El Grecos artistic formation in Rome and Venice, reflects the influence of roman mannerist designs (e.g Michaelangelos masterfully polished drawings) and that of the Venetian school of painting with its emphasis in the richness and variety of colors, the use of pigments to achieve the impression of depth and brightness,†¦show more content†¦Sacred religious imagery was justified in the context of this invocation of the Virgin and the saints. Veneration was not idolatrous because it was referred to the prototype represented in the image. Among the saints, the Virgin has a primordial place because she is the Mother of God and the the prime intercessor between Man and Christ. Since the Virgins role had been denied by the Protestants, the Catholic Church responded by emphasizing her special status. In the Assumption of the Virgin, the Virgin is assumed to ascend to Heaven with her body preserved from corruption as a reward for her faith and good works. Another determining factor in evaluating a paintings context is patronage and, in XVI century Spain, this was largely either religious or monarquic. The monarquic alliance with the Catholic faith was a salient feature of the Spanish court and, in particular, in the kingdom of Philip II. To understand why El Greco ( which means the Greek since he came from Crete ) found his way to Toledo, Spain in 1577, after studying painting in Venice and Rome, it is essential to realize that Spain, at the time, offered great opportunities for artists, largely because of the patronage of king Philip II. The King, in particular, favored painters which followed the Mannerist style. Religious commissions were theShow MoreRelated Our Moving Fate: A Study of El Greco’s Assumption of the Virgin1741 Words   |  7 PagesOur Moving Fate: A Study of El Greco’s Assumption of the Virgin El Greco painted his â€Å"Assumption of the Virgin† in 1577 for the convent of Santo Domingo el Antiguo in Toledo, Spain. Born in Greece as Domenikos Theotocopoulos, (his nickname translates from Spanish into â€Å"The Greek†), El Greco was the top artist of the Spanish School, and was commissioned to paint â€Å"Assumption† to adorn the convent’s altar. The painting is a daunting size—over six feet wide and twice as tall—surroundedRead MoreSt. Basils Cathedral Essay1390 Words   |  6 Pageswere blinded by the command of Ivan the Terrible, so they could never create a building greater. There is still the question if St. Basil’s is actually the most beautiful cathedral made in its time. Comparing it to the beautiful Pisa Cathedral and Assumption Cathedral, which were made around the same time, one could find it hard to decide which is the most artistic. Looking at the materials, art, and icons of cathedrals are ways to ga uge how beautiful the building is. St. Basil’s Cathedral was the mostRead MoreFrequent Flyer Accounting Essay1278 Words   |  6 Pagesflyer points (FFPs) is not a straight forward process (Bowman 1995). The aim of this assignment is to examine the concept of how FFPs should be accounted for according to the Framework, compare how Qantas Airways Limited (Qantas) and Virgin Blue Holdings Limited (Virgin) account for FFPs, and determine the potential consequences of different accounting treatments. Accounting procedure for frequent flyer points according to the principles of the Framework The major accounting issue with FFPsRead MoreMythology in The Virgin Suicides561 Words   |  3 Pagesconjures up universal feedback. In the case of â€Å"The Virgin Suicides† by Jeffrey Eugenides one of the archetypes that we see play out throughout the novel is the one of The Virgin Mary. The Virgin Mary in â€Å"The Virgin Suicides† represents a sense of foreshadowing at the beginning and towards the end of the book, provide an allegory between the Libson girls and The Virgin Mary, and help deeper define the Libson girls. The Virgin Mary symbol in â€Å"The Virgin Suicides† foreshadows events that will play outRead MoreThe Cult Of Virginity And Virginity969 Words   |  4 PagesFor centuries people have made decisions or assumptions of others based solely upon what they choose to do in their respective privacies. Societal institutions ranging from schools to religious affiliations have created guidelines surrounding sexual activity that determine when and if it should be done. While the topic of virginity may be taboo for some, people fail to realize the social stigmas associated with the term in itself. In â€Å"The Cult of Virginity†, the author succeeds at illuminating theRead MoreThe Divide between the Catholic Church and the Protestant Reformation832 Words   |  3 Pagesand combating religious backsliding. The Conversion of Saul is located in the Cerasi Chapel in the Church of Santa Maria del Popolo, This painting is placed alongside Annibale Carracci’s The Assumption of the Virgin and Caravaggio’s Crucifixion of Saint Peter. In The Assumption of the Virgin shows the Virgin rising up from the apostles, offering a burst of light contrasted against Caravaggio’s darker and more dramatic scenes, offering an uplifting sense of salvation. The Crucifixion of Saint PeterRead MoreVirgin Mobile: Pricing Options1028 Words   |  4 PagesVirgin Mobile must decide on an optimal price offering for its service in the US that is going to be aimed at the 14-24 year old audience. The company plans to offer handsets for $30 at partner retailers, which will represent a loss of $30-$70 on the cost of the handset from Kyocera. The idea is that Virgin must make that money back with its rate plans. Also worth taking into consideration is that the company plans to make additional money from its consumers through its partnership with MTV, textRead MoreCase Study the Virgin Group Essays1446 Words   |  6 PagesTHE VIRGIN GROUP PROBLEM: * The Virgin Group is so unrelated diversified that it has been criticized by some commentators because it has become an endorsement brand that could not always offer real expertise to the businesses which it is associated. So the real question is Can The Virgin Group be good/successful in every business it gets into? Are they really adding a real value to each business/customer? * What will happen if a customer has a bad experience with any of the productRead MoreSt. John Chrysostom s Homily917 Words   |  4 PagesArian and Marcion, argue Christ lacked divinity and was not part of the Godhead because God would not take on a fleshy nature, Chrysostom denounces such claims arguing Christ is both impassible and has a human nature. Even though He was born of the Virgin assuming a human nature to Himself, the Word Incarnate neither departed from the Godhead â€Å"nor yet by any loss of divinity became He man, nor through increase became He God from man; but being the Word He became flesh, His nature, because of impassibilityRead MoreThe Sustainability Strategy of Virgin Groups Corporate1497 Words   |  6 Pageson a survey of the Virgin Groups sustainability report that summarize the Virgin companies’ sustainability strategy, evaluating the sustainability report based on the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) principle, to comment performance indicat ors and making recommendations, which can improve the sustainability report. Virgin Groups Corporate responsibility and sustainable development report 2010 emphasizes the range of corporate responsibility and sustainability issues the Virgin companies face operating

Sunday, December 15, 2019

Online Enrolment System Free Essays

Introduction Background of the study: Automation and online transaction is not relatively new here in our country and more so abroad. In fact it is a growing fad abroad and is beginning to crop up in our country gradually, where bank transactions, business dealings and buying and selling take place. It is very convenient to do online transactions because one does not have to actually be in the supermarket, department store, drugstore or bookstore in order to buy things needed. We will write a custom essay sample on Online Enrolment System or any similar topic only for you Order Now All it takes is a computer that has an internet connection, and one can instantly place the order. Sooner or later, the product is at the doorstep. Online enrollment is to a certain extent a new fad. The Online Enrolment system of the Ateneo de Zamboanga University serves as a vital part in the life of every student upon entering the university, it gives the student the impression on how the whole institute manages and manipulate in the entire body. The Online enrolment system provides less time consuming and data consistency, it stores details of students, year, and section. The enrolment is designed for authorized user of the school office that enables them to produce information required by the different people in the school. Computerized systems help the organization to flourish their everyday life. It is important in such a way that it benefits not only the students but the administration as a whole. It lessen the workload, and provides accurate information. Last June 2012, the Ateneo de Zamboanga University implemented the online enrolment system to lessen the enrollment time, speeds up file management, and minimize inaccuracies and errors. Online Enrolment system is a good example of computer generated process. This can lessen the workload and provides accurate information needed of the university. As a result, it will benefit not only the student but the company as a whole. This study that we are doing is to define the benefits of the students, the advantage and disadvantages, and the Impact to the students here in the Ateneo. How to cite Online Enrolment System, Essay examples

Saturday, December 7, 2019

Project Management Tendering Process Dilemma

Question: Describe about the Project Management for Tendering Process Dilemma. Answer: Introduction The dynamism of the current corporate world has resulted in huge projects that require a regular and on-time delivery of materials. As such, most companies have adopted the tendering process to solve the dilemma of regular orders. A tender refers to any submission (by a prospective supplier) as a response offer for the provision of services following an invitation to such offers. In laconic, it refers to the process by which an organization invites bids from prospective suppliers/contractors to supply specific materials, offers services or carry out a particular package of the construction work. In the construction industry, among the main tenders are those for selecting contractors to handle construction work. Arguably, tendering happens to be in its world of technicality and complexity. As such, a prospective constructor must design a convincing and appealing tender taking into account all the costs and benefits that would result from such a tender. On the other hand, tendering sho uld adhere to the primary values of simplicity, fairness, accountability and clarity. Before tendering, a company must consider whether it meets the minimum requirement of the tender. It should further consider its financial capabilities, capacity, staff competence and experience, as well as its resources. Also, worth noting is the fact that price and quality serve as the basis for the competition element of any tender. The paper seeks to provide a succinct sample tender request assuming the role of the principal in a large asset industry. Construction of warehouse Tender introduction and instructions The company has prepared tender documents in the reflection of AS 4120-1994 which sets out both the ethics as well as the obligations of the parties in a tender in a construction industry (Kruger, 2004). All interested parties must submit the tenders on the forms provided by the company in a sealed and completely labeled envelope in the name of this company. Bidders must prequalify and the deadline for the submission of the tender documents will be Wednesday 12, November 2016 (12 noon) Scope of the tender: Definition of the project The tender work covers the delivery of all materials, equipment, human resource, and any other resources necessary to undertake the work described in this tender document or reasonably implied from the contract document. However, without a limit to the qualification of a potential supplier, the work consist of the delivery of ten 5-tonne heavy earth movers required in the construction of a warehouse. The earth movers must be fully fueled with drivers and any other technician required in the operation of the earth movers. The delivery must be per both the provisions of AS 4120-1994 which applies to all construction tenders (Institution of Civil Engineers Contracts, 2001). Project justification and contract process To solve the dilemma of limited capacity to handle imported goods, the company wishes to construct three warehouses to provide additional storage facilities. In support of this objective, the company wished to invite all the potential bidders interested in undertaking the contract as described in this contract form and any other task either impliedly or implicitly detailed in the contract form. All bidders are required to pick tender documents from the companys office at a non-refundable fee of $ 200 or download them free at the companys website. Upon completing the tender forms, they must be submitted to the companys secretary in the company of all other prequalification document and any other document that might be expressly or impliedly indicated in this contract form. Upon the receipt of all document from potential suppliers, the company procurement committee shall review the documents and choose the best bidder on several bases. The successful bidder shall be notified within sev en days after the deadline for the submission of the tender forms. If applicable, the company will deliver the contract to the bidder by mail to be executed and returned to the companys offices within 14 calendar days after the receipt of the contract. If the bidder (s) fails to return the contract and return it to the companys office, the company will consider taking legal actions (Andrew, 2014), award the contract to another bidder (Birnie, 1997), and/or disqualify the successful bidder (s) from future bids (Brown, 2004). Financing of the project/sources of funds All the expenses incurred by the bidder relating to the preparation and subsequent submission of the bids for this contract, or any other cost incurred in connection therewith shall be borne by the bidder. The company shall make no payment in connection with bids received or for any other effort the bidder might make in connection with this contract before the commencement of the work described in this contract form. Further, the successful bidder must adhere to the Fair Wage Policy and all other provisions of AS 4120-1994 (Haberbush, 2000). Unless specified otherwise, the payment term relating to the delivery of the necessary items shall be net of 30 days. The company requires the successful bidder to invoice the company for the materials delivered and work undertaken in adherence to Bid solicitation. The company won't take any liability for non-payment or late payment of invoices caused by the bidders failure to reference his contact number/order number. Bidders must note that paym ents should be made only at the request of the bidder through the issuance of an invoice. The successful bidder(s) might, however, apply for advance payment but not before completing at least 25% of the contract. Project conditions, project team, and processes Any bidder interested in bidding for this contract must supply the following documents. First, a bank statement signed by the bank manager to serve as a proof of the financial capacity and capability of the bidder to complete this contract fully (Arrowsmith and Hartley, 2002). Second, the bidder must supply a list of all the contract completed successfully in the three preceding years indicating clearly the value of each contract. The value of the previous contract will assist in deciding whether the bidder can handle the contract in question successfully (Whiteford, 2003). Third, the bidder must supply a schedule showing all the contract being undertaken currently, the value of each, and the expected completion time. Finally, the bidder must supply a list of the equipment and other necessary materials required to complete this contract indicating whether they are owned or rented by the bidder. Bidders should submit the name of the drivers and other technicians required in the smooth operation of the heavy earth movers. The technicians must meet several requirements. First, they must not only be fully trained and qualified but also licensed technicians with a minimum of five-year experience in the operation of heavy earthmovers. They must also be knowledgeable in all the operations and features of a heavy earthmover. The qualification will serve as an assurance of professional work, personal error and professional liability notwithstanding (Haberbush, 2000). The minimum personnel requirements on this contract include five heavy earthmovers drivers, laborers, field technicians, and contract supervisor. Its mandatory for all the bidders to attend the tender information meeting tentatively scheduled on November 01, 2016 at 11.30 AM in the Committee Room. The purpose of such a meeting is to provide further details, if any, and to respond to any concern the bidders might have regarding the contract (Tiong and Alum, 1997). Expected estimates to the tenderer The table below shows the companys estimates to the tenderer Item Description Unit Quantity Unit price Total 1 Site Preparation Clearing Close cut clearing sq.m sq.m 60,000 60,000 $ 3 $ 1 $ 180,000 $ 60,000 2 Excavation Earth Rock Rock face cu.m cu.m cu.m 2,000 1,000 200 $ 10 $ 20 $ 20 $ 20,000 $ 20,000 $ 4,000 3 Labor Number 50 $ 10,000 $ 500,000 4 Raw materials Fuel Ballast Stones Cement Bricks Timber Sand Litres Tonne Tonne Tonne Tonne Sq.ft Tonne 4,000 4,000 6,000 2,000 500 5,000 2,000 $ 1.5 $ 200 $ 200 $ 500 $ 400 $ 5 $ 200 $ 6,000 $ 800,000 $ 1,200,000 $ 1,000,000 $ 200,000 $ 25,000 $ 400,000 5 Binders Heavy duty binder Binder HL 8 Tonne Tonne 200 500 $ 1000 $ 600 $ 200,000 $ 300,000 Total $ 4,895,000 Requirement for project changes Under no circumstance will the company accept any deviation from the project as described in the tender document. However, under the grim circumstance that change to the project is inevitable, the successful bidder(s) should inform the companys management for the necessary negotiation. Requirement for quality assurance and quality control Before the successful bidder(s) commences any construction work, the successful bidder(s) must supply the company with a Certificate of Clearance from the relevant construction authorities (Hannaway, 2000). They must further keep a regular update of construction progress and keep the company informed of the construction progress throughout the contract period. Any other provision notwithstanding, the company reserves the right to inspect the progress of the work at any time and seek address on any issue that its might be concerned with. Document management, reporting, and governance Undoubtedly, document management plays a crucial role in any project work (Verdeaux, 2003). As such, the company requires the successful bidder(s) to keep the company updated on the progress of the construction work by maintaining all the necessary documents and submitting them to the companys Secretary on a monthly basis. Prior to any payment, the bidder shall submit the necessary invoices and other relevant documents to the chief finance officer of the company for record purposes. Disputes: Meditation and arbitration Owing to the fact that, disputes are inevitable in any relation, the successful bidder(s) shall inform the companys management of any dispute that might arise from the contract or any other issue related to the contract. Upon the notification of such a dispute or disagreement, the companys managing director shall summon the concerned party to settle the dispute through arbitration. Litigation will serve as the last option. Workplace Safety Before the commencement of any work that the successful bidder will undertake, he/she must supply the company with a certificate of clearance from WSIB (Workplace Safety and Insurance Board) and any other relevant bodies (Treumer, 2004). The company requires the successful bidder to update its clearance certificate throughout the contract's duration regularly. The company shall not issue any payment without a clearance certificate. Also, the successful bidder(S) must maintain at their effect, comprehensive general liability insurance cover for at least $ 1,000,000 and automobile liability insurance which includes all the automobiles handled by the successful bidder. The successful bidder(s) must maintain such insurance with an insurance body registered and operating in Australia Binders checklist Confirm the following before submitting the bid YES NO 1 Have the bid been sealed and signed? 2 Have you enclosed the agreement to bond? 3 Have you met the prequalification requirements? 4 Have you completed all the price schedule in Form tender? 5 Have you enclosed all the required documents? Disclaimer The company will not be liable for any loss incurred by the contractor while conducting any activity on the site. References Andrew, W., (2014). Integrated Design and Cost Management for Civil Engineers. CRC Pres Arrowsmith, S., Hartley, K. (Eds.). (2002). Public Procurement, Vol. I Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. Birnie, J., (1997). Risk Allocation to the Construction Firm within a Private Finance Initiative (PFI) Project. ARCOM Conference Proceedings, pp. 527-534. Brown, A. (2004). The Impact of the New Procurement Directive on Large Public Infrastructure Projects: Competitive Dialogue or Better the Devil You Know? Public Procurement Law Review, 13 (4): 160-177. Haberbush, L., (2000). The Governments Exposure to Bid Rigging Schemes: A Critical Look at the Sealed Bidding Regime. Public Contract Law Journal, 30 (1): 98-122. Hannaway, P., (2000). Oral Presentations in Negotiated Procurements: Panecea or Pandoras Box. Public Contract Law Journal, 29 (3): 455-509. Institution of Civil Engineers Contracts (2001). Tendering for Civil Engineering Contracts. Thomas Telford Kruger, K., (2004). Ban-on-Negotiations in Tendering Procedures: Undermining Best Value of Money? Journal of Public Procurement 4 (3) pp. 397-436 Tiong K., and Alum J., (1997). Evaluation of proposal for BOT projects, International Journal of Project Management, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 67-72. Treumer, S. (2004) Competitive Dialogue. Public Procurement Law Review, 13 (4): 178-186 Verdeaux, J., (2003). Public Procurement in the European Union and in the United States: A Comparative Study. Public Contract Law Journal, 32 (4): 713-738. Whiteford, A. (2003). Negotiated Procurements: Squandering the Benefit of the Bargain. Public Contract Law Journal, 32 (3): 509- 562.